Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Nuclear weapons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nuclear weapons - Essay Example This is addition to looking at the consequences of having such weapons on the world in terms of economic and social implications. Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons states clearly that nuclear weapons are used for their traditional role in the pursuit of national security, where even their deployment is for the same purpose (Lee 1996, p.2). This brings out the question of moral authority over why they own them, as without these weapons there can still be peace and security in any given country including those that possess these weapons. As such, the justification for the possession of the weapons does not lie with the efficiency of military power or even national security, in which case the implications are that provided those in military leadership find the possession and use acceptable, then they should be kept. It is as a result of this that countries own these weapons of mass destruction to achieve their own ends, and these ends are not necessarily the ends of every citizen whom they lead because the weapons are the disposal of the military, at the command of the president and even military leaders (Paret 1986, p.762). In addition to this, there is the potential that these weapons are owned by some nations for the sole purpose of intimidation so as to protect overseas interests and assists as said by Caldicott (2004, p.73). In this case, he argues that there is no way that any country or military power would use nuclear weapons against its own citizens, and then he goes on to state that some countries have enormous oversees interests. As a result, the legitimacy for having these nuclear weapons is to protect the country from any external acts of aggression by other nations, just as the tradition of war goes. Besides this, the argument of having a peaceful world that is free of threats to national insecurity is a new justification to the possession of nuclear weapons owing to the presentation of new information in makers of new strategy. In this case, i t is said that all wars since the inception of the nuclear weapons have been irrational and impossible due to the possibility of destroying the enemy finally (Lee 1996, p.12). From this perspective, justification is that nuclear weapons make the world a safe place by use of the theory of nuclear deterrence, where no nation dares wage war due to the possibility of obviation in the event of nuclear warfare. Therefore, war becomes outdated considering the nuclear arsenal available to the world in modern times and the countries that hold this arsenal are the ones that control the eventuality of war and ensure that the world is protected from itself and international feuds likely to explode into full-blown wars. In addition, there is the question of power, which can be brought up in reply to why some nations own nuclear weapons, which can directly point towards abuse. With this, nuclear power amongst the countries in possession of these arms is indicative of how they keep the world in ch eck concerning the improved tactics of warfare across the world that are not restricted to guerrilla warfare, but go as far as air strikes with enhanced accuracy. This is especially so in modern times and based on recent events and history that goes as far back as the 1950s to show what possession of nuclear weapons has saved the world from destroying itself. Looking again at the abuse of power, the cold war can be used to show the consequences of having nuclear arms, and this does not paint a good picture at all for the world as a whole. In spite of claiming that nuclear weapons ring stability to the world, they also focus power on a few nations that then get into conflict as shown in the cold war of the 1980s. Consequently, the justification of nuclear wea

Monday, October 28, 2019

Cypop 5 Essay Example for Free

Cypop 5 Essay It helps children to deal with difficult circumstances such as emotional stress or medical treatments. Play gives children chance to let off steam and have fun. Children learn when they are in a safe and caring environment. They are stimulated through play. Babies and young children develop best when they are in a caring relationship with an adult. A baby will learn to walk faster when they have a safe pair of arms to walk towards and learn to talk when they have an adult who listens to them and responds accordingly. I aim to provide children with an environment that is caring, fun and stimulating. I aim to expand each childs individual, intellectual, physical and emotional capacities within a secure environment where each child, will be confident and settled. I will implement ideas from the EYFS and I will provide activities/opportunities that support the six main learning areas which are : * Knowledge Understanding Of the World * Personal social and emotional development * Communication language and literacy * Creative Development * Physical Development * Problem solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. Each child will be able to choose their own activities and access continuous provision throughout these six areas. Activities will be both planned and spontaneous according to your child’s preference. My weekly plan will be dependent on the children in my care and their ages and stages of development although I will be attending various groups and clubs within the local area that I live. Sample weekly plan: Morning afternoon Monday outdoor playchildren’s centre childminders group Tuesday -soft indoor play (wacky)creative play/ arts and crafts Wednesday-country park/ play areachildren’s centre playgroup Thursday baking/cookingoutdoor play Friday children’s centre groupindoor play at home Play can be constructed to fulfil areas of the EYFS, especially any areas where a child may be struggling, such as Playing with sand Texture, Weight, Pouring through containers, colours, measuring, shapes, make sand castles etc this can link to the following areas of the EYFS– personal development – personal, social and emotional development creative development – communication language and literacy All of the above would be flexible dependant on the children and any new sessions that can be accessed. Before any weekly plan can be made you would need to observe the children in your care to produce a plan that is appropriate to their development this will also help identify when to add/remove new toys/resources. I will use Natural resources and household items to provide stimulating play for the children to look after such as Sawdust and Bark for dinosaur play, jugs, funnels, guttering for water play, blankets pillows and throws and pegs for den building and communication friendly spaces etc. All children are individuals first, each with a unique profile of abilities. All planning starts with observing children in order to understand and consider their interests, development and learning. I will make systematic observations and assessments of each child’s achievements ,interests and learning styles. I will use these observations and assessments to identify learning priorities and plan relevant and motivating learning experiences for each child that I care for. I will match their observations to the expectations of the development matters principles. I will need to make regular observations on each child, using different techniques. These may include photographs, tick lists written observations and photographs. Where a child is not achieving their development goals I may then decide to speak to the parents regarding accessing other services for the child. All children need to feel valued and given the same options. I will ensure that children, parents/carers and visitors have equal rights and choices. Everyone will be given the respect that we all deserve as individuals. No person will be discriminated against and any remarks or comments of this kind will be challenged and discussed to ensure that it does not happen again. I welcome and include all children, their families and members of the community into my setting and I will ensure my setting is accessible to everyone. If a child in my care had specific requirements, certain changes would be made to the interior and exterior of my premises, dependent on the individuals circumstances. Certain activities are also adapted. All the children who come to my setting will have the same opportunities available to them. I am aware of the following legislation, The Children’s Act, The disability Act, UN convention on the Right of the Child, The children’s Bill 2004 and the Special Educational Needs Discrimination Act 2001. I will talk to different specialist groups, health visitors and read appropriate books to learn more about the condition and needs of the child, thus enabling me to provide the best possible care. If a child required assistance from a speech therapist or occupational therapist, then this could be arranged at my setting if it was more convenient for parents. I will do displays and have equipment in my setting that promotes a positive multi cultural attitude. I welcome parents/carers and visitors to talk about cultures, religions, food, clothes etc. I will never refuse or exclude a child. I will build on each child’s previous experience when accessing play opportunities. I will enable children to gain confidence and independence in play and identify individual requirements and provide appropriate support as/when required. I will also borrow and gain resources to enhance the inclusion of children with mobility or sensory difficulties. During snack time I will encourage children to help where appropriate eg. Older children could help butter crackers, or younger children could help divide fruit onto plates, I will encourage the children to help prepare our shopping list for the week for snacks and mealtimes and also encourage them to help with the meal plan for the week. During our week I will plan our activites a sample week could include : Monday : AM – Childrens centre drop in PM – Park weather dependant Tuesday AM – Wacky Warehouse PM – play at home LEGO, PUZZLES and nap time Wednesday AM –

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Symbolism in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Araby Essay -- Flannery O

Symbolism In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, by Flannery O'Connor, every object including the characters are symbols. The Grandmother for example is the one and only dynamic character, represents all of us who have had to feel grief or needed to ask for forgiveness. As Flannery O'Connor has suggested, the story is a spiritual journey because of the Grandmother's quandaries. In the beginning of the story the Grandmother is obsessed with everything worldly and superficial. She cares only about how others perceive her, â€Å"Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady† (O'Conner 413). She gets dressed up for a car trip so that, on the random chance that they would be in a car accident and that in that wreck she would be thrown from the car and laying on the pavement, she would be happy because the people passing by would think that she is a lady. This represents us as humans because daily we choose to be way too self-conscience. We care what people think whether we admit it or not. The first thing that comes to mind is me and my make-up. Make-up is a perfect example of us women caring a great deal about what others think of us. She is also very selfish in her activities. Instead of caring about what is best for the family, she wants to go to Tennessee because she has friends there whom she would like to see. There are three stages of thought for the Grandmother. During the first stage, which is in the beginning, she is completely focused on herself in relation to how others think of her. The second stage occurs wh... ...hat in just reading it the first time I looked right past. It wasn’t until my dad made me actually read some parts out loud that I understood. Even in these short stories, there is so much meaning packed into them. It shows how intelligent these writers actually are. In the beginning I didn’t care too much for this quirky little love story â€Å"Araby† yet after analyzing it, it has become one of my favorites and has inspired me to go back and re-read a few of the stories in this book that I may have just brushed past. Symbolic representation has become very interesting to me and both of these stories among many others are filled with it. Works Cited O'Connor, Flannery. "A Good Man Is Hard to Find." 1955. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. 4th ed. Ed. Robert DiYanni. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Joyce, James. â€Å"Araby†. Kirszner and Mandell.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

In the Time of the Butterflies Analysis

Analysis of Alvarez’s In the Time of the Butterflies In the Time of the Butterflies, written by Julia Alvarez, is the story of four sisters who take an emotional journey while becoming a symbol of hope in the corrupt Dominican Republic, as they seek to make a political revolution. Throughout the story, we dig deeper into each sister’s life and learn more about her individual traits. In the book, Alvarez makes the Mirabal sisters come alive throughout the book with her use of foreshadowing, detailed characterization, and selection of detail.The more the reader journeys farther into the book, the more the aforementioned devices become of importance Throughout In the Time of the Butterflies Alvarez does an impressive job using selection of detail to create a strong mental image of the characters and setting for the reader. In the opening lines of Chapter One Dede describes the area of where she lives as the interview woman is coming over soon when she says, â€Å"The woma n will never find the old house behind the edge of towering hibiscus at the bend of the dirt road† (3).By using visual imagery Alvarez gives a clear description of where the Mirabal sisters reside. The sisters live in the foothills of the tobacco fields, a very unpopulated area, which is hard to find as no street signs exist in the country. On the way home from Trujillo’s residence after the disastrous skit put on by the sisters Alvarez writes,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As the road darkened, the beams of our headlights filled with hundreds of blinded moths. Where they hit the windshield, they left blurry marks, until it seemed like I was looking at the world through a curtain of tears† (29).Alvarez compares the blurry marks to a curtain of tears, giving the reader a sense of the somber mood in the car. Alvarez tells of the dismal mood because the sisters had let Sor Asuncion down, she was not happy they didn’t act as the ornaments of the nation as they were supposed to. So r Asuncion was telling Patria to pray to the Virgencita for guidance in her future involving the church when Patria says, â€Å"And I prayed with her, a Hail Mary and an Our Father, and I tried hard but I could not keep my eyes from straying to the flame trees, their blossoms tumbling in the wind of the coming storm. (47). By using great detail the reader can almost imagine the flame trees swaying before them with their blossoms turning in front of their own eyes. The quote brings Patria’s character alive as well, giving the reader a look into one the key aspects of her life, religion. Selection of detail is just one of three literary devices used In the Time of the Butterflies that makes it an exciting book; it compels the reader to continue reading as the characters and scenery comes to life.Alvarez consistently uses the device of foreshadowing to drop subtle hints of what is to come later in the book. Dede was helping her father up the stairs after he had discussed their possible futures with them on a clear moonlit night, when Alvarez writes, â€Å"She realizes that her future is the only future he really told† (10). Referring to Dede, a possible storyline that is constant throughout the book is revealed by her father; she will be the only sister of the four to survive the revolution.Dede gives the interview women a quick tour of the house, and when walking down the hallway Alvarez describes it, â€Å"There are three pictures of the girls, old favorites that are now emblazoned on the posters every November, making these once intimate snapshots seem too famous to be the sisters she knew† (5). The same storyline is mentioned in the quote; three of the sisters have a picture on the wall, but Dede does not because she’s the only one still alive.With the sisters having pictures of them on the walls that were considered â€Å"old favorites† it foreshadows their deaths at the end of the book. Chapter four begins with Patria des cribing her childhood from the day she was born , â€Å"Even being born, I was coming out, hands first, as if reaching up for something† (44). This quote foreshadows Patria’s loving character that the reader discovers later in the book. Patria loves automatically and is naturally generous which is later shown with her early commitment in life to the church.In In the Time of the Butterflies foreshadowing lays the foundation for the rest of the book, which is vital for the reader to grasp. Alvarez uses detailed characterization to give the reader a clear idea of the characters personality as well as their physical appearance. Minerva begins chapter two by comparing herself, â€Å"Sometimes, watching the rabbits in their pens, I’d think, I’m no different from you, poor things† (11). She compares herself to a rabbit stuck in their pen; Minerva is living at home with her parents and cannot find a way to get out from their grasp.Alvarez gives a look into Minerva’s life being one of â€Å"Papa’s little girls† as well as being the second youngest of the four sisters, a tough situation to leave. In one of Mate’s earliest diary entries we get a look into her young mind, Mate writes, â€Å"I had such a time deciding between the patent leather and white leather for church today. I finally settled for the white pair as Mama picked those out for my first Communion, and I wanted her to feel that they were still my favorites† (36).This quote shows us how Mate is not yet involved in the complexities of the revolution and is more worried about what clothes she’s wearing, giving the reader insight into another sisters character. Before the volleyball game at Tio Pepe’s where Dede was looking to impress Lio, Alvarez writes, â€Å"She knows she looks especially good in her flowered shirtwaist and white sandal heals† (70). Referring to Dede, the quote reveals her self interest into her beauty , and her lack of interest in the revolution compared to her other three sisters.Detailed characterization helps give the reader a sense of what each sister is like, and helps them put the story of the Mirabal sisters into place. Alvarez uses the device of foreshadowing brilliantly to develop the plot that will come about later in the story. Alvarez utilizes detailed characterization to allow the reader to personalize the characters and distinguish the differences between the qualities of the four sisters.She uses selection of detail to describe characters, setting, and scenes throughout the book, thus allowing the reader to create a mental image of situations at hand. When putting the three literary devices together, it makes In the Time of the Butterflies a fascinating book that the reader doesn’t want to put down. Alvarez does a splendid job of using literary devices including foreshadowing, selection of detail, and detailed characterization to make the heroic story of the Mirabel sisters come alive.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Stalin: man or monster?

Source A is very different to sources B and C. Stalin is shown standing by pyramids ‘visit Russia's pyramids'. The picture is symbolising the results of Stalin's policies in which many people died. Stalin is showing no emotion. Sources B and C are very similar in that they are both showing Stalin as a popular, liked man. In source B it shows him with some of the workers on a hydro-electric power station. Stalin looks very relaxed and casual standing with his hand in one pocket and holding his pipe. However, the painting is an official soviet painting so it was probably manipulated to make Stain look good with happy workers. Source C was taken by a soviet photographer so the picture was probably planned on purpose to show Stalin's popularity and to make it look like all the people adore him. Sources B and C give very similar impressions of Stalin, showing him as a loved man. Whereas source A gives the impression that he is a monster. Source D is a speech written by a writer to the congress of soviets in 1935. The speech was published in Pravda, the paper of the communist party. The fact that it was published in Russia in 1935 already tells us that this source has probably been manipulated in some way to make Stalin look better. The only reason people would lie about him is because they were terrified of him so they had no choice but to suck up to him or face execution. This article does show us how Stalin had many people terrified and you can see this in the source because of how fake and obsessed the writer is. However because of the purges most of the stuff written about him was propaganda. Therefore meaning the information is of little use as it is purely either opinion or fake. I believe that the fact Bukharin's speech is written after becoming a victim of the purges and the fact it's written in Paris, where he is out of Stalin's control makes his assessment more reliable. The writer expresses his anger and hatred towards Stalin. Yet I think the reason Bukharin's assessment is reliable is the fact that he was very close to Stalin in helping him against Trotsky. Nonetheless he then fell into disagreement with him and he became a victim of the purges, but managed to escape to Paris, in exile out of Stalin's reach, meaning he can not be caught and punished. Khrushchev's speech is talking about how distrustful and truthfully scared Stalin was. This assessment does match others in saying how terrorising and malicious Stalin could be. For instance, the purges were an example of how Stalin would block any threats and oppositions by destroying them. Furthermore the fact that the speech was delivered in 1956 after Stalin's reign also makes the speech more likely to be accurate and trustworthy. Source G is showing Stalin as the judge prosecuting 4 defendants. They are all sarcastically admitting what they have done as they know even if they plea ‘not guilty' they will still be sentenced. The fact they will be sentence no matter what is shown in the background of the picture where you can see the gallows. Source H shows Stalin in the court, but in every position or role. This illustrates how Stalin manipulated everyone in the soviet party. Stalin was in effect, the Judge, the Jury, the Witness, the Clerk and the prosecutor. They were called ‘show trials' for a reason, that they were for show. The defendant was already a ‘dead man' before he had entered the court. The trial was purely so Stalin could say, ‘I gave them a chance'. Both sources are very similar in that they both give the same message, that Stalin was always in charge and that there would always be the same outcome in the verdict. Source I is from a biography of Stalin published in 1947 in Russia. This shows that what was written was probably fake or inaccurate as it was during the purges, meaning that the author had the fear of execution. Source J on the other hand was written in 1974 in Britain long after Stalin's rule. This means what is said about him is more likely to be true as there would be no fear of being prosecuted. Also the cold war was going on in 1974 so Britain was fighting against Russia. Yet I believe this could mean that the assessment is exaggerated because of Britain's dislike towards Russia at the time. Although we know they both disagree about Stalin we deduce this because of when and where they were written and our knowledge of what would happen to people who spoke out about Stalin. Most of the evidence shown in the sources points to Stalin as being a monster. After studying and analysing sources, A, D, E, F, G, H, and J, they all show or explain how evil, malicious and cruel Stalin was. It is only sources, B, C, D and I, which are either praising or supporting him and this is only because the artists or writers are either terrified or their assessments have been manipulated in some way from fear of execution. Different sources of information I have read indicate that Stalin was a monster For instance, to start with Stalin stated his 5 year plans. They consisted of different aims: to provide machinery and other equipment to farmers, to catch up with the western world so they were less dependant on industrial goods from other countries and finally to produce more armaments so that Russia could defend itself from attack. Although these aims sounded good they never actually happened. Stalin then introduced the purges. This was simply to a way to get rid of any opposition or threats. Stalin would find someone that had been opposing him in someway (even if it was that they spoke better than he did). He would then have them put on trial (know as show trails) and they would be found guilty and executed, hence out of Stalin's way. The Purges claimed over 10 million people's lives. Collectivisation was introduced for people in each village to join their farms together to make one large collective farm (Kolkhoz). Every one as a whole would then be able to afford the machinery and be more efficient. Because no-one listened there was a famine so Stalin made collectivisation compulsory. Peasants hated the idea so killed all their livestock and burned all their crops. Those who had done what Stalin said proved that collectivisation had worked and that numbers in cows and grain had gone up approximately 10 million in 25 years, but it is debateable whether this was a huge success, to the extent that many lives were ruined and many livestock and crops destroyed. Stalin had many people employed to work on building dams and bridges. However, many of the workers were slaves and kulaks. Strikers were shot, and wreckers could be executed or imprisoned. Thousands died from accidents, starvation or weather. Housing and wages were terrible; they would have to do a certain amount of work in their shift or they would go without food. Stalin's 5 year plans also came into this, he would often set an aim to complete a dam in 1 year, then when it was finished he would congratulate the workers and say ‘as you did so well, you have two more dams to do in the same amount of time'. This would then continue on and on. On the other hand, it could be argued that there were things that Stalin did during his reign that did benefit Russia. During the war Stalin helped by co-ordinating the arms production and making sure everyone was fully equipped. He was also very good at bringing everyone together and motivating people to fight for their country. Although collectivisation was not a huge success it did increase some of the numbers of livestock and grain farmers were producing, which arguably means that the idea did work. He did also have some other achievements, such as: Turkestan-Siberian railroad, the Dneiper dam and the Belomor canal. Some of the sources do support Stalin and show him as an adored man. Even though we have been looking at how most of the assessments are likely to of been manipulated, Stalin would have had some followers that were with him and supported him when some of the pictures were taken. Throughout Stalin's reign there were many things that he did that were horrific and malicious that did make him a real monster and from the research that I have collected I believe him to be just that, yet there were some things that he did for Russia that were in his favour, the main one being that he did, at a heavy cost, bring Russia foreword along way, and that did make his seem like a real man.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

IKEA Company Case

IKEA Company Case Background IKEA, a leading Swedish home furnishing retailer, was founded in 1943 by Ingvar Kompred with a vision to service young and price-conscious consumers with a wide range of its knock down furniture sold at competitive prices.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on IKEA Company Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditionally, IKEA has been known to maintain low-cost operations by contracting and maintaining dedicated independent furniture supplier networks, developing innovative modular designs whose components could be mass produced, maintaining relatively few sales clerks, using a classic cash-and-carry approach to trim costs at a minimum, selling the same type of furniture all around the world to benefit from the economies of scale, using a flat management strategy to enhance fast decision-making processes, abolishing internal budgets to check on expenditure, and utilising inexpensive advertising strategi es such as word-of-mouth and limited advertising to promote sales revenue. Recently, IKEA has been involved in expanding into international markets to reach out more customers and hence leverage its competitive advantage and profits. For instance, the company succeeded in setting store locations in Switzerland in Germany and even proceeded to become the furniture provider of choice for young and price-conscious customers despite facing supply difficulties as well as cultural and regulatory obstacles in these countries. Although the company faced minimal entry barriers in many European countries due to its European history and origin, it did receive unique challenges when gaining entry into the American market due to a host of problems as discussed below. Statement of Problems IKEA faced a host of entry barriers while attempting to gain access to the American market not only due to a diversified population and great cultural diversity demonstrated by potential customers, but also due to strong local competition and imitations. Indeed, the company had not faced such entry barriers before while attempting to gain access to European markets, hence the need for their further exploration. The underlying problems for IKEA’s entry into the American furniture market include: Creation of stable supply networks – IKEA’s operation costs drastically rose upon entry to the American market because it used to source its products from suppliers in Europe. There were unique logistical problems involved in transporting these products to U.S. markets that guaranteed an attractive consumer base.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More IKEA had to move with speed to recruit local suppliers to reduce the dependency of imports and hence cut down on costs. The U.S. suppliers also needed to be trained on more efficient methods to use in the productio n of furniture so that quality was not compromised in attempts to cut down on costs. Product adaptation issues – Upon entry into the American market, IKEA soon realized that some of its products were not reconfigured to the expectations and desires of U.S. customers. For instance, its European-style beds were somewhat narrower and longer than the standard American beds and hence customers could not buy them despite their high quality and low cost as their existing mattresses and beddings could not fit the beds. Again, IKEA’s management was called to attention to solve the adaptation issues with the view to increasing sales purchases and therefore achieve profitability and competitiveness. Unique advertising and promotion challenges – IKEA had traditionally relied on word-of-mouth, limited advertising and the use of catalogues delivered free of charge to customers residing in areas where the furniture retailer had set up business. However, upon gaining entry into the American market, IKEA’s management soon realized that the traditional advertising strategies could not bring positive outcomes in the American market due to a competitive retail market and diversity of the consumers, which made the traditional word-of-mouth advertising less powerful that it had been in ethnically homogenous European countries. Additionally, many American consumers did not identify with the traditional Moose symbol used in other European countries to advertise IKEA products as it was considered strange, provincial and, in some quarters, projecting the wrong image. These unique promotion and advertising challenges necessitated IKEA’s management to go back to the drawing board and devise advertising strategies that could fit well into the American market. Floor layout issue – Traditionally, IKEA utilised a floor layout approach that necessitated consumers to obtain an inventory tag number upon deciding what they wanted to purchase and then pro ceeding to find the kit on the rack in the expansive stores without much assistance from the sales clerks. However, this layout plan proved to be a major problem in the American market owing to customers’ buying behaviour, leading to long queues and declining sales as customers left empty-handed.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on IKEA Company Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Again, this was an issue that IKEA’s management needed to solve to make any headway in the American furniture market. American consumers are averse to long waiting times, hence IKEA’s management was once again tasked with a responsibility of developing and implementing strategies that would reduce the long queues and enhance customer service experience while maintaining operational costs at a minimum. Non-available stock – this problem was related to the difficulties experienced in the supply chain networks as IKEA attempted to import products from European-based suppliers and furniture makers to stock local stores in diverse locations across the United States. To remain competitive, IKEA had to move fast in the recruitment and training of local suppliers to ensure that listed products were available for the customers when needed.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Philosophy of Education

Philosophy of Education Free Online Research Papers The philosophy of education is individual to each person and their particular insights. The philosophy of education generally addresses: the role of the teacher, the role of the students, and the role of learning in general. Each of these areas is very important for a soon to be teacher. Upcoming teacher should have a pretty firm idea of what their beliefs are about each of the above listed three areas. Therefore, as an upcoming teacher I will be sharing my views and beliefs on each of the three areas. The role of the teacher is a very important one that goes past what many people may think. I firstly think the main role of the teacher is to be at a school as an educator of whatever subject they are teaching and to have adequate knowledge in that content area. The teacher must be able to effectively communicate the information on the subject matter to their students in a way that the students will be able to comprehend and recall or perform that subject knowledge in the future. Past just teaching content in a subject area, teachers are also â€Å"life teachers†. Teachers may not always realize it initially, but they are huge role models in their students’ lives. Students are around their teachers for about 8 hours of the day. Sometimes that is more time than the students may see their parents/guardians. So whether or not teachers want or choose to be a role model in their students’ lives, they are. This means while at school teachers should exhibit professional , mature, attributable characteristics that will set a model for how the students should act now and in their future. In addition but very similar to just being a role model, is the role of a teacher being a life coach. Teachers are also unexpectedly thrown into this role. Throughout the career of teaching you will come into experience with many students that have really had someone to help guide them in their life. This often makes you as a teacher become their life coach since you are someone that they spend many hours with each day. Therefore teachers need to provide care, trust, security, love, and respect to their students without prejudice. You never know what each student is going through, so even if a student’s life may seem perfect, it could actually being crashing down without you knowing. This is why you cannot jump too quickly to stereotypes or conclusions when you are â€Å"judging† your students. I believe the main roles of the teacher are: to communicate subject knowledge effectively to their students, to be role models to their students, and to also be life coaches to their students. Another important part of the philosophy of education is the role of the student. The role of the student in the philosophy of education is a huge one. Each student will play a different role in the educational process, but the role of students in general is crucial for you to have a firm belief on to be able to effectively be able to teach individual student who will have their own separate beliefs about their role in the educational system. I believe the main role of the student is their willingness and desire to learn. Many students in school may not admit it, but they are there because they want and have a desire to learn in order for them to grow as an individual. Students also must want to learn in order to be able to learn. What I mean by this is that if a student is resistant to learning and does not care about learning then they most likely will not learn. They will be the student who rebels and does not pay attention in class and is usually causing trouble because they do n ot have a desire to be in the classroom. Another very important role or characteristic of the student is respect for their teacher. A student must be respectful of their teacher and also their fellow classmates in order to be able to learn. If there is no respect then the student will not want to pay attention to you as a teacher and will be disruptive to other students who are trying to learn therefore you must give them respect and you must gain their respect. Yet another role of the student is the role of socialization. Students are in an educational system to learn not only content knowledge but also to gain real world skills such as socialization. Each day students go through many different interactions between friends, teachers, administrators, and sometimes other school officials such as the nurse or guidance counselor. Each time a student has one of these interactions, it teaches them further socialization skills. The way people react to that person socializing with them wil l mold the future actions of the interactions with others. Such as, if a student comes up to another student and compliments them on the shirt they are wearing and they receive a response such as: â€Å"thank you!† then that originally student is encouraged by the positive response to continue to compliment others in the future. Let’s say the student receiving the compliment though responded this way instead: â€Å"Ewww I hate this shirt, I can’t believe you think it’s cute, you must have no fashion taste!†, then the original student will be discouraged from giving people compliments in the future and they will feel down about themselves because they will then think they have no fashion sense. This demonstrates how every interaction influence how we will act in the future. The last important role I believe that students have is the role of students as fellow â€Å"teachers† to their classmates. It is amazing how much students can sometimes g et something across to another student that a teacher may not have been able to. Most of the time students in a classroom are at different levels of learning, some higher than others. In this case, the higher level students will also be able to be teachers to their fellow classmates. Even students at the same level can be teachers to their classmates as well. Programs at schools are being implemented to improve and encourage this role of the student. At Springfield School District 186 in Springfield, IL there is a program called AVID (Advancement Via Individual Determination) that specifically targets this skill. On Tuesdays and Thursdays college mentors come into the classroom to assist in a program where students come into groups with questions while their fellow classmates in their groups guide a student through their original question to help them to achieve the answer without just giving it to them. This is a great example of the students’ role as being â€Å"teachersâ €  to their fellow classmates. I believe the four main roles of a student are: the role of the student to have a desire to learn, the role of being a respectful student towards teachers and fellow classmates, the role of socialization within the school, and the role of students as fellow teachers. The last major part of the philosophy of education is the role of learning. Many people ask why we should learn. My answer would be: for each of us to grow as individuals and therefore be a better, well informed, functioning member of society. Learning is a vital part of each person’s life. The formal educational system aids greatly in this area. Through formal education, many different things are learned in many different content areas, but also as I discussed earlier, sometimes in school you will also learn other important â€Å"life lessons†. Learning throughout your life never stops. Usually every day, whether or not we are in a formal school setting, we learn something new that we did not know previously. I also believe we learn as a survival instinct. When we are first born, there are things we must learn how to do in order to be able to survive. This could also be true to formal schooling in a way. In order to survive in the corporate world, you must continually be one step ahead of your competition, so you must constantly be striving to learn more about your career and your industry. Another reason I think we learn is to keep our brains occupied. Our brains are constantly striving for information. If we never learned anything new, we would get very bored and would be driven to learn more or to learn something new. There are many different reasons people could come up with for why we should learn, but mine is very basic. I believe we should learn in order to continuously grow as individuals and to be a better, well informed, functioning member of society. Each person’s beliefs and views about the philosophy of education will be very individualized. The philosophy of education generally addresses: the role of the teacher, the role of the student, and the role of learning in general. Each of these areas encompasses many different functions. For anyone who is an up and coming teacher, it is very important for you to be confident in and aware of your beliefs about each of the three areas in the philosophy of education. I as an up and coming teacher believe I have clearly demonstrated my confidence and awareness of my beliefs about each of the areas. Knowing my beliefs and being confident in them will surely help me once I do enter a school system as a teacher. Being confident in my beliefs will help me in order to be able to be an effective teacher, know my students role while at school, and to be able to communicate why the role of learning is so important. Research Papers on Philosophy of EducationStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Dolphin Safe Tuna

Dolphin Safe Tuna Environmental and animal welfare groups promote dolphin-safe tuna, but the dolphin-safe label is in danger of being weakened in the U.S. and some animal protection groups do not support dolphin-safe tuna. Do Some Cans of Tuna Contain Dolphin Meat? No, cans of tuna do not contain dolphin meat. While dolphins are sometimes killed in tuna fishing (see below), the dolphins do not end up in the cans with the tuna. How are Dolphins Harmed in Tuna Fishing? Two types of tuna fishing are notorious for killing dolphins: Purse seine nets and driftnets. Purse seine nets: Dolphins and yellowfin tuna often swim together in large schools, and because dolphins are more visible and closer to the surface than tuna, the fishing boats will look for dolphins to find the tuna. The boats will then set a purse seine net in a circle around both species and capture dolphins along with the tuna. Purse seine nets are giant nets, typically 1,500 - 2,500 meters long and 150-250 meters deep, with a drawstring at the bottom and floats at the top. Some nets are equipped with fish aggregating devices that attract fish and help prevent the fish from escaping before the net can be closed. In addition to dolphins, the animals who are caught unintentionally - the incidental catch, can include sea turtles, sharks, and other fish. The crew is ususally able to release sea turtles back to the ocean unharmed, but the fish usually die. The problem with dolphins being killed in purse seine nets occurs mainly in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates that between 1959 and 1976, over 6 million dolphins were killed in purse seine nets in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Driftnets: EarthTrust, an environmental NGO, calls driftnets the most destructive fishing technology ever devised by humankind. Driftnets are giant nylon nets that drift behind a boat. The nets have floats on top and may or may not have weights on the bottom, to keep the net hanging vertically in the water. Driftnets come in a variety of mesh sizes, depending on the target species, but they are a wall of death, killing everyone who gets caught in them. The United Nations banned driftnets over 2.5 kilometers long in 1991. Previously, driftnets up to 60 km long were in use and legal. According to EarthTrust, before the ban, driftnets killed over a hundred thousand dolphins and small cetaceans every year, along with millions of seabirds, tens of thousands of seals, thousands of sea turtles and great whales, and untold numbers of non-target fish. Pirate fisheries still use giant, illegal driftnets and will sometimes cut the nets loose to avoid getting caught, leaving these walls of death to continue drifting and killing indiscriminately for centuries to come. Although dolphin deaths from both methods has been greatly reduced, a 2005 study titled, Non-recovery of two spotted and spinner dolphin populations in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean found that dolphin populations have been slow to recover. Can Tuna be Caught Without Harming Dolphins? Yes, a purse seine net can be made to release dolphins. After encircling both the tuna and dolphins, the boat can conduct a backdown operation in which a portion of the net is lowered enough for dolphins to escape. While this technique does save dolphins, it does not address other incidental catch issues, such as sharks and sea turtles. Another way to catch fish without harming dolphins is long line fishing. Long line fishing uses a fishing line that is typically 250-700 meters long, with several branches and hundreds or thousands of baited hooks. While longline fishing does not kill dolphins, the incidental catch includes sharks, sea turtles and seabirds like albatross. The Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act, 16 U.S.C. 1385, which charges the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with regulating dolphin-safe tuna claims. The dolphin-safe claim means that the tuna were not caught with drift nets, and that â€Å"no tuna were caught on the trip in which such tuna were harvested using a purse seine net intentionally deployed on or to encircle dolphins, and that no dolphins were killed or seriously injured in the sets in which the tuna were caught.† Not all tuna sold in the U.S. is dolphin-safe. To summarize: If the tuna were caught without driftnets and without chasing, encircling or killing dolphins, it can be sold in the US and is dolphin-safe.If the tuna were caught by chasing and encircling dolphins, but no dolphins were killed or seriously injured (and other requirements are met), the tuna can be sold in the U.S. but cannot be called dolphin-safe.If the tuna was caught by chasing and encircling dolphins, and dolphins were killed, it cannot be sold in the U.S. Of course, the above is a simplification of the law, which also requires tuna canners to file monthly reports and requires large tuna purse seine vessels must carry an observer. NOAA also conducts spot-checks to verify dolphin-safe claims. For more details on the NOAAs tuna tracking and verification program, click here. You can also read the full text of the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act here International Law International law also applies to the tuna/dolphin issue. In 1999, the United States signed the Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program (AIDCP). The other signatories include Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, European Union, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Vanuatu, and Venezuela. The AIDCP seeks to eliminate dolphin mortality in tuna fishing. Congress then amended the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) to effct the AIDCP in the United States. The AIDCP definition of dolphin-safe allows dolphins to be chased and encircled with nets, as long as dolphins are not killed or seriously injured. This definition differs from the U.S. definition, which does not permit the chasing or encircling of dolphins under the dolphin-safe label. According to the AIDCP, 93% of the sets made by chasing dolphins resulted in no deaths or serious injuries to dolphins. Challeges to the Dolphin-Safe Label Despite the dolphin-safe label being voluntary, and the fact that a fishery need not attain the dolphin-safe label in order to export tuna to the U.S., Mexico has twice challenged the U.S. dolphin-safe label as an unfair restriction on trade. In May of 2012, the World Trade Organization found that the current U.S. dolphin-safe label is inconsistent with the United States obligations under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. In September, 2012, the U.S. and Mexico agreed that the U.S. would bring its dolphin-safe label in line with the WTOs recommendations and rulings by July of 2013.   To some, this is yet another example of how environmental and animal protection are sacrificed in the name of free trade. Todd Tucker, research director for Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch, states, â€Å"This latest ruling makes truth-in-labeling the latest casualty of so-called ‘trade’ pacts, which are more about pushing deregulation than actual trade . . . Members of Congress and the public will be very concerned that even voluntary standards can be deemed trade barriers.† Whats Wrong with Dolphin-Safe Tuna? The UK-based Ethical Consumer site calls the dolphin-safe label somewhat of a red herring for several reasons. First, the vast majority of canned tuna is skipjack tuna, not yellowfin tuna. Skipjack tuna do not swim with dolphins, so they are never caught using dolphins. Also, the site points out that, It has been estimated that saving one dolphin, by using (fish aggregating devices), costs 16,000 smaller or juvenile tuna, 380 mahimahi, 190 wahoo, 20 sharks and rays, 1200 triggerfish and other small fish, one marlin and ‘other’ animals. The very strong implication that dolphin-safe tuna is sustainable or more humane makes the label problematic. Some animal protection groups object to dolphin-safe tuna because of the impact on tuna. Tuna and other fish populations are threatened by overfishing and from an animal rights perspective, eating tuna hurts tuna. According to Sea Shepherd, bluefin tuna populations have fallen 85% since industrial fishing began, and current quotas are too high to be sustainable. Environmentalists and animal advocates were disappointed in 2010 when the parties to CITES refused to protect tuna. In September of 2012, conservation experts called for better protections for tuna. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, five of the worlds eight tuna species are threatened or nearly threatened. Amanda Nickson, Director of Global Tuna Conservation at the Pew Environment Group stated, There is sufficient science available to set precautionary limits . . . If we wait five, 10 years for the science to be perfect, in the case of some species we may not have anything left to manage. Aside from concerns about extinction and overfishing, fish are sentient beings. From an animal rights perspective, fish have a right to be free of human use and exploitation. Even if there were no danger of overfishing, each individual fish has certain inherent rights, just as dolphins, seabirds and sea turtles do. Buying dolphin-safe tuna recognizes the dolphins rights, but fails to recognize the tunas rights, which is why many animal protection groups do not support dolphin-safe tuna.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminal law - Essay Example Hawthorne, as shall be seen. Discussing the Criminal Liability of Andrew Chances for Andrew’s criminal liability are very high. As previously stated, the Black Letter Law specifies the need to factor actus reus and mens rea when determining criminal liability. As touching, mens rea, Andrew clearly has a criminal liability, since his mental elements are voluntary, purposeful and in line with a criminal intent. Facts that support or evidence Andrew’s criminal intent are: him wanting to eliminate Sue (which leads to and is made manifest by); him hiring a hit man to murder Mrs. Sue; and him setting a ? 5,000 bounty on Sue’s head, as the hit man’s reward. The aforementioned elements immediately above are serious and interrelate with one another. The idea of Andrew having a mental intent of getting rid of his wife Mrs. Sue, so that he could remain with Beth (the lady he is having extra-marital relations with), becomes self-evident, when he plans Mrs. Sue’ s murder. This is further stressed when Andrew hires not just any murderer, but aseasoned hit man, John to fatally shoot Mrs. Sue. This shows Andrew’s commitment to arranging for Sue’s murder. Andrew’s intent to have Sue murdered is also evidenced by him supplying John with a gun, for the same purpose. Again, the same intent is made manifest in Andrew helping John identify Mrs. Sue, her car and where Mrs. Sue works. All these show that Andrew’s actions are previously thought. In a closely related wavelength, all actions that Andrew carries out readily and indisputably render him compos mentis. According to Dioso-Villa1, to argue otherwise in an attempt to render him non-compos mentis and to therefore insinuate that there can proceed, sustainable order from disorder. Andrew’s cognitive and mental orderliness is confirmed by the elaborate plan he crafted to have Mrs. Sue identified and eliminated. Again, this orderliness is confirmed by his attempts to keep the plan as discreet as possible. Even when he discovers that his son Tim has been mistakenly murdered in place of Mrs. Sue, he does not report the matter to law enforcement authorities. This shows that Andrew knew very well that his acts are criminal and thus preferred to steer clear of polices’ involvement. In another instance, Andrew’s mental intent to commit the crime of murder is confirmed by him driving himself up to their house, to kill Sue, by himself. It is clear that Andrew’s criminal intent is the very factor that made him to drive to their home. He does this after realising that his previous plan to murder Sue had fatefully backfired. He then willfully opens up an argument with Sue to provoke an argument, so that he can be enraged into murdering Sue. This plan becomes successful. In respect to the immediately foregoing, the previous planning by Andrew rules out any chances for considering Andrew’s murderous acts as second or/ and third degree. Moreover, Andrew’s act of repeatedly stabbing Mrs. Sue speaks of a mental criminal intent and rules out third or second degree murder.This is to mean that Andrew is certainly answerable for first degree murder. The converse is also true that Andrew also is responsible, based on his actions (actus rea).Indeed, Andrew performs actions that are criminal in nature, or before the law. Andrew hires the services of an experienced hit man (John), for the

CRITIQUE OF PROFESSIONAL READING JOURNAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRITIQUE OF PROFESSIONAL READING JOURNAL - Essay Example Her recent work has focused largely on similar issues such as the fundamental processes in learning to read English by Chinese students: both - children as well as adults, and learning to read Chinese by skilled English readers (online, 20101). Dr. Keiko Koda works as Professor of Japanese and Second Language Acquisition at the Univeristy of Illinois, and has extensive experience in the field of second langauge reading competence. Her recent works include a series of studies aimed at investigating the conjoint impacts of first language literacy and second language print exposure on the formation of reading sub-skills in typologically diverse second languages (Chinese, English, Korean, and Japanese). (online, 20102). Second language acquisition and development is a widely researched subject and has been used by various researchers to explore the nuances of language learning among second language learners. The topic discussed in the present article deals with diverse issues related to language acquisition, such as the word identification skills among different sets of college students having diverse linguistic backgrounds (Chinese and Korean) and enrolled in learning English as a second language. The main objective of the authors was to understand the language acquisition process employed by students belonging to diverse cultural backgrounds through exploring the similarities and differences between their methods of learning a common language. Such a study would pave way for further research and bring about major changes and improvements in the manner in which second language training is imparted and courses designed. For this purpose, a study was conducted on two distinct groups of college students all of whom were ESL students. They were tested by way of a naming experiment and an auditory category judgment task.

Friday, October 18, 2019

The role of race in drug prosecutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

The role of race in drug prosecutions - Essay Example nd historical premises behind all the increasing tendency of South Asian men to be found in Britain’s prisons.The Paper concludes that given that it is true that the majority of offenders are Asian and are perceived as a threat to public order and drug prevention they should be understood for their relative economic and social conditions. This is particularly true for drug offences and acquisitive crime. The biases of the police and the ordinary public are accordingly reviewed with their reasons in this regard. Household crimes – For household offences, all members of the household can be regarded as victims, so the respondent answers on behalf of the whole household. The offence categories concerned are: bicycle theft; burglary; theft in a dwelling; other household theft; thefts of and from vehicles, and vandalism to household property and vehicles. Personal crimes – For personal offences, the respondent reports only on his/her experience to the BCS. This applies to the following offence categories: assault, sexual offences, robbery, theft from the person, and other personal theft. Information is also collected on threats. Sampling error – A sample is a small-scale representation of the population from which it is drawn. As such, the sample may produce estimates which differ from the figures which would have been obtained if the whole population had been interviewed. Statistical significance/Weighted data – Raw data from the survey is adjusted in various ways at the data processing stage to correct for imbalances introduced in sampling and by the design of the interview. The overall aim of this study is to provide an understanding of how violence and drug crime has been understood from the perspective of race particularly for South Asian offenders in England. Therefore this study will aspire to enhance current explanations, and explore connections between various forms of violence and race, with a view to aid prevention, reduction and eventual

Provisions of the Corporation Tax Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Provisions of the Corporation Tax - Assignment Example While the company can claim all the business expenses incurred by it during any financial year, there are certain other provisions governing the capital expenses incurred by the company for the purposes of the business. These are called capital allowances and these allowances cover the expenses incurred for the improvement of the business of the company. By allowing these capital expenses the Corporation Tax Act promotes the working of the companies towards progress. The company can write off all the revenue expenditures incurred by the company against the income being earned by the company. These expenses are in the nature of the expenses which the company has spent on the promotion of the business of the company. For claiming a deduction, these expenses should have been incurred wholly for business purposes and during the previous year. The examples of these expenses include salaries of employees, insurance expenses and other administrative expenses like auditor fees. The company is authorized for the deduction of the interest paid by the company to the banks or other financial institutions for the loans availed by it for business purposes. The interest should have been paid actually during the previous year.The first allowance is in the nature of depreciation on all working assets including industrial buildings and plant and machinery that are being used by the company for the manufacture of products. An amount equal to 4 percent of the cost of the industrial buildings can be claimed by the company by way of writing down allowance. For claiming this deduction the company should have put to use the building in respect of which the deduction is being claimed. When the company constructs some building in an enterprise zone the company can claim the whole cost of the building as a deduction from the chargeable income. The position of the writing down allowance in respect of the plant and machinery belonging to the company is as follows: In general 25 percent on the written down value, a method is allowed as a deduction for the large companies. In the case of small and medium companies, there is a first-year allowance equal to 50 percent of the cost of plant and machinery that can be claimed as a deduction from the income of the company. The companies that spend capital expenditures on machinery which are using energy saving technology can claim the total value of the machinery in full without limits by way of enhanced capital allowance. Bu for claiming the enhanced capital allowance the technology should be one recognized by the government. The amount of capital expense can be claimed in full in the first year itself. But if the company feels that the company would be in an advantageous position then the company may choose to carry forward the deduction for the future years and claim the allowance in part.  

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' Essay

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' - Essay Example Campbell’s monomyth (also known as a hero’s journey) is an essential pattern that a person who is to become a hero must take, in order to become a hero. It is a matter of great interest that most people who are fit being regarded as hero, have led a life that is commensurate with Campbell’s monomyth and this includes the life, times and achievements of Martin Luther, the German monk, professor of theology, the head figure of the Great Reformation of the 16th century Christianity (Protestant Reformation) and former Catholic priest. This element of consistency between the two shall be seen in the discussion that ensues forthwith. According to Campbell, the first stage that the potential hero has to experience is the experiencing of the ordinary world. Herein, the individual becomes uncomfortable, unaware or uneasy as he is introduced to the audience, so as to identify with his situation or dilemma. The individual may be depicted against a background of personal his tory, heredity and environmental background. Particularly, there is a strong element of polarity in the life of the individual and thereby pulling him in different diametric directions, causing him stress. The immediately foregoing can also be seen in the life of Martin Luther (November 10, 1483- February 18, 1546), a man of German nationality who grew up to be a monk, a priest, a theologian and the professor who authored the 95 theses. Having been born into the Holy Roman Empire, Luther rose up to be a Catholic priest. At the time, the religious environment in which Luther operated and lived was putrid with complacency, since the Roman Catholic Church: was practicing the selling of indulgences; suffered covertly the popes and members of the clergy to keep mistresses; continued to operate as an integral part of the state; neither regard the teachings of Biblical Scriptures nor taught the same to the laity; and had amassed a vast pool of wealth illegitimately, through these means. Even life outside the Church was not any better. The raunchy lifestyle that had suffused the rest of Germany is underscored by Luther referring to University of Erfurt which he had attended as a beerhouse and a whorehouse (Maritain, 75). Secondly, there is a call to adventure. Herein, there is an element that shakes up the situation. These elements may emanate either from external pressures, or from internal pressure. This pressure compels the hero to face the beginnings of change. One of the events that clearly served as a call to adventure for Martin Luther was the July 2, 1505 incident. Herein, Luther was riding on a horseback on his way to the university when a lightning bolt struck near him. He made a cry for help and promised to become a monk- a development that seriously infuriated his father who had invested heavily in Luther’s education. Later, after he had become a priest, Luther’s encounter with St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans (especially Romans 1:17) seriously woke him up to the spiritual reality that was contradictory to the Catholic Church’s teachings and practices. This encounter compelled Luther to read more and to begin questioning the practi ces pertinent to Catholicism, until he was convinced that Catholicism was not in line with Scriptural teachings. The foregoing may be succeeded by the refusal to call. This refusal may be underpinned by the fear of the unknown and any danger that may lie ahead, and thereby dissuading the individual from embarking on the adventure. This usually happens briefly. It is a fact that even after the lightning bolt incident, Luther was somewhat reluctant to join the monastery, even though he answered the call almost immediately. Secondly, even after the

Lassa fever in west africa Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Lassa fever in west africa - Coursework Example However, an accurate clinical diagnosis and using management techniques, the virus is capable of being controlled or even being diminished and the health of individuals infected in the West Africa regions improved (Buchmeier, Torre & Peters, 2007). It is estimated that deaths caused by Lassa fever in West Africa ranges between the gaps of 5000 to 10,000 out of two million cases of Lassa fever cases reported yearly. The majority of the highest percentages of death reported are documented to be from West Africa. This implies that for every death caused due to Lassa fever, West Africa is the region which is mostly affected. Diagnosis of Lassa has proved to be a challenge for the government and clinical officers in West African countries, therefore making it extremely difficult to determine the mortality rate associated with the Lassa virus (Pasqual, 2011). In addition, due to difficulty in the diagnosis of the virus, many individuals affected with the virus rarely seek treatment in hospitals or associated institutions like clinics. Moreover, the prevalence of the diseases in some countries is brought by rodents. These places are high risk areas and spreading to a larger populations for example Mali (Dworkin, 2011). Lassa fever is characterized by the delays caused in the cellular immunity which is responsible for fulminant viremia. The rates at which at which Lassa fever is reported in West African countries like Sierra Leon is 8-15 percent, Guinea4-55 percent and Nigeria 21 percent. Conversely, in other parts of West African countries like Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo and Senegal, the cases of Lassa fever reported here are considered to be sero-positivity. This means that cases of Lassa fever acts as positive serum reaction because of the presence of antibodies in the body. An analysis of the

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' Essay

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' - Essay Example Campbell’s monomyth (also known as a hero’s journey) is an essential pattern that a person who is to become a hero must take, in order to become a hero. It is a matter of great interest that most people who are fit being regarded as hero, have led a life that is commensurate with Campbell’s monomyth and this includes the life, times and achievements of Martin Luther, the German monk, professor of theology, the head figure of the Great Reformation of the 16th century Christianity (Protestant Reformation) and former Catholic priest. This element of consistency between the two shall be seen in the discussion that ensues forthwith. According to Campbell, the first stage that the potential hero has to experience is the experiencing of the ordinary world. Herein, the individual becomes uncomfortable, unaware or uneasy as he is introduced to the audience, so as to identify with his situation or dilemma. The individual may be depicted against a background of personal his tory, heredity and environmental background. Particularly, there is a strong element of polarity in the life of the individual and thereby pulling him in different diametric directions, causing him stress. The immediately foregoing can also be seen in the life of Martin Luther (November 10, 1483- February 18, 1546), a man of German nationality who grew up to be a monk, a priest, a theologian and the professor who authored the 95 theses. Having been born into the Holy Roman Empire, Luther rose up to be a Catholic priest. At the time, the religious environment in which Luther operated and lived was putrid with complacency, since the Roman Catholic Church: was practicing the selling of indulgences; suffered covertly the popes and members of the clergy to keep mistresses; continued to operate as an integral part of the state; neither regard the teachings of Biblical Scriptures nor taught the same to the laity; and had amassed a vast pool of wealth illegitimately, through these means. Even life outside the Church was not any better. The raunchy lifestyle that had suffused the rest of Germany is underscored by Luther referring to University of Erfurt which he had attended as a beerhouse and a whorehouse (Maritain, 75). Secondly, there is a call to adventure. Herein, there is an element that shakes up the situation. These elements may emanate either from external pressures, or from internal pressure. This pressure compels the hero to face the beginnings of change. One of the events that clearly served as a call to adventure for Martin Luther was the July 2, 1505 incident. Herein, Luther was riding on a horseback on his way to the university when a lightning bolt struck near him. He made a cry for help and promised to become a monk- a development that seriously infuriated his father who had invested heavily in Luther’s education. Later, after he had become a priest, Luther’s encounter with St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans (especially Romans 1:17) seriously woke him up to the spiritual reality that was contradictory to the Catholic Church’s teachings and practices. This encounter compelled Luther to read more and to begin questioning the practi ces pertinent to Catholicism, until he was convinced that Catholicism was not in line with Scriptural teachings. The foregoing may be succeeded by the refusal to call. This refusal may be underpinned by the fear of the unknown and any danger that may lie ahead, and thereby dissuading the individual from embarking on the adventure. This usually happens briefly. It is a fact that even after the lightning bolt incident, Luther was somewhat reluctant to join the monastery, even though he answered the call almost immediately. Secondly, even after the

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Social media essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social media - Essay Example This is a key aspect of networking as it allows the sharing of ideas and learnt concepts for the betterment of the society. Social networking has been demonstrated to overlap with academic life in that it creates an opportunity to generate events related to coursework. As such, various stakeholders get to meet and discuss different issues regarding in line with assignments while offering a first-hand interaction with instructors. This serves to revolutionize the learning experience by providing ample support systems in the education sector, which works to improve its quality. Other than keeping in touch with friends, making new ones, and sharing ideas, social networking sites serve as a source of entertainment especially with the integration of online gaming communities. Moreover, social media provides information on the latest occurrences in sports and showbiz through feeds to local news channels. The world’s economy is a significant beneficiary of social media owing to massive marketing strategies employed to capture the attention of users. Social networking in marketing allows organizations to cut back on their costs of advertising and reaching out to potential clients and even reaching new markets. This is because with a tight or non-existent budget whatsoever for marketing, an organization can wage an all-out war on marketing through social networks since it is mostly free. In addition, the rise of social media sites has seen potential employers tear through the sites in search of information on their potential employees. Search engine and social networking sites provide a cheap model for background research where funds can be saved while getting the work done. Social networks also create an efficient platform on which college graduates can market themselves through professional networks. In spite of the positive aspects of social media, lack of moderation often

Monday, October 14, 2019

Committing Adultery Essay Example for Free

Committing Adultery Essay A marriage is full of moral ethics that should be followed. Kant would have agreed with me that we have moral duties to ones self and others. A marriage is committing moral thoughts, words, and actions to yourself and your spouse. Kant believed in treating other people the way you wish they would treat you. Never treat other people as if they were merely things. The formula of humanity states that we should treat people as an end and never as a means to an end. In committing adultery, the marriage and the spouse are being used as a means. Marriage should be treated with dignity and not as a thing that can be played with. I hope no one would apply the universal law of categorical imperative to committing adultery. I could not imagine applying the act of committing adultery to how all others should act. If we did apply the universal law to committing adultery then marriage would be worthless. Basically, do not choose a rule for yourself that you wouldn’t want everyone else to obey. Kant believes that the only good thing is a good will. Good will equals good intentions. Committing adultery is not a morally good act and Kant would agree with me. Utilitarianism is an action that is right if it maximizes the overall happiness of all people. In other words, an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. This is consequentialism. Utilitarianism has rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. In rule utilitarianism, a behavioral code or rule is morally right if the consequences of the rule are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. I believe it is more favorable to your spouse not to cheat than to cheat. I would be also more favorable to you not to cheat so the spouse doesn’t get upset. Act utilitarianism weighs the consequences of each particular action. There is a list of consequences of the act of committing adultery and none of them are good. There are moral rules against committing adultery and one of them is lying. In taking the vows in front of God is a form of a promise and breaking that promise is lying to God. John Stuart Mill is a hedonistic utilitarian. Our actions are meant to give happiness not only to ourselves but to others as well. Mill made the distinction of happiness between pleasures of the mental sort as a higher form than that of bodily pleasures. Mill states, it is better to be intelligently dissatisfied then foolishly satisfied. The ultimate pain and misery caused by committing adultery is not worth the short term pleasure that it produces. Wikipedia. org states that Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill is classified as a type of hedonism, as it judges the morality of the actions by their consequent contributions to the greater good and happiness of all. Mills believes that there can be different levels of pleasure as long as the act promotes an action which makes everyone happy. Mills would say that committing adultery doesn’t bring overall happiness. Hedonism is described as pleasure is the highest good and whatever causes pleasure is right. On this note, hedonism would say committing adultery would be right if it is giving the cheating spouse pleasure. Committing adultery is motivated by desire and it can reduce pain by not telling the spouse that you are cheating. Most of the time committing adultery is motivated by sexual desire. My view on committing adultery is closest with Kantianism. Good will equals good intentions. They way I treat my spouse is the way I would want to be treated. I value marriage and I hope my spouse does too.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Parkinson’s Disease Essay -- Medicine Health Biology Research

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a disease with a wide variety of disabilities recognizable as changes in appearance, posture, walking, and balance. In 1817, the English physician James Parkinson described these symptoms in his patients and has had his name become synonymous with the disease. In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s. Examination with the naked eye reveals a lack of black pigment in this portion of the brainstem. Subsequent follow up with the microscope showed a deterioration of the nerve cells in this area. The circuitous relationship between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia explains many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Today the cause of the disease remains unknown, however, the biochemistry is well documented and recently discovered neurotoxins have us hot on the trail of this disease. Portions of the cerebellum are involved in the control of posture and balance and also modulate voluntary movement. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum interact with the cerebral cortex through a series of feedback circuits. The dentate and interpositus nuclei of the cerebellum project to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus, which also receives projections from the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra. Recent evidence indicates, however, that none of these projections overlap in the ventral lateral nucleus. The ventral lateral nucleus projects to the primary motor and supplementary motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In turn, the motor cortex and other regions of the cerebrum project to the striatum to enter the basal ganglia circuit. Moreover, the motor cortex projects to the pons to enter the cerebellar circuit, includ... ...c hope. Bibliography: 1. Barbeau, Andre and Fletcher McDowell L-Dopa and Parkinsonism, (F.A. Davis Company, 1970) 2. Calne, Donald B., Parkinsonism: Physiology, Pharmacology and treatment. (Edward Arnold Publishers LTD, 1970) 3. Langston, J. W., MPTP induced Parkinson’s syndrome. Science, Vol. 219, No.2, March 1983, 133-140 4. Pleet, A. B., Newly-diagnosed Parkinson’s disease: a therapeutic update. Geriatrics, Vol. 1, No. 47, January 1992, 24-29 5. Shoushu, Jiao, Long-term correction of rat model of Parkinson’s disease by gene therapy. Nature, Vol. 362, No. 2, April 1, 1993, 450-453. 6. Langston, J. William, The next frontier: Presymptomatic detection. Geriatrics, Aug. 1991: 5-7 7. Jenner, P. Clues to the mechanism underlying dopamine cell death in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. (1989): 22-28 Parkinson’s Disease Essay -- Medicine Health Biology Research Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a disease with a wide variety of disabilities recognizable as changes in appearance, posture, walking, and balance. In 1817, the English physician James Parkinson described these symptoms in his patients and has had his name become synonymous with the disease. In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s. Examination with the naked eye reveals a lack of black pigment in this portion of the brainstem. Subsequent follow up with the microscope showed a deterioration of the nerve cells in this area. The circuitous relationship between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia explains many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Today the cause of the disease remains unknown, however, the biochemistry is well documented and recently discovered neurotoxins have us hot on the trail of this disease. Portions of the cerebellum are involved in the control of posture and balance and also modulate voluntary movement. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum interact with the cerebral cortex through a series of feedback circuits. The dentate and interpositus nuclei of the cerebellum project to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus, which also receives projections from the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra. Recent evidence indicates, however, that none of these projections overlap in the ventral lateral nucleus. The ventral lateral nucleus projects to the primary motor and supplementary motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In turn, the motor cortex and other regions of the cerebrum project to the striatum to enter the basal ganglia circuit. Moreover, the motor cortex projects to the pons to enter the cerebellar circuit, includ... ...c hope. Bibliography: 1. Barbeau, Andre and Fletcher McDowell L-Dopa and Parkinsonism, (F.A. Davis Company, 1970) 2. Calne, Donald B., Parkinsonism: Physiology, Pharmacology and treatment. (Edward Arnold Publishers LTD, 1970) 3. Langston, J. W., MPTP induced Parkinson’s syndrome. Science, Vol. 219, No.2, March 1983, 133-140 4. Pleet, A. B., Newly-diagnosed Parkinson’s disease: a therapeutic update. Geriatrics, Vol. 1, No. 47, January 1992, 24-29 5. Shoushu, Jiao, Long-term correction of rat model of Parkinson’s disease by gene therapy. Nature, Vol. 362, No. 2, April 1, 1993, 450-453. 6. Langston, J. William, The next frontier: Presymptomatic detection. Geriatrics, Aug. 1991: 5-7 7. Jenner, P. Clues to the mechanism underlying dopamine cell death in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. (1989): 22-28

Saturday, October 12, 2019

The Last Hung: Joops Mid-life Crisis :: essays research papers

The Last Hung: Joop's Mid-Life Crisis In Horst Stern's The Last Hunt, a man named Joop is portrayed as a professional worker in a very well known bank. Outside of being a banker, Joop enjoys to hunt wild animals. This has been a hobby of his since he was a young boy. Throughout the story many questions are raised about Joop's true feelings about his job, hunting, and his life. In the beginning of the story, a women walks in on Joop while he is staring at a picture on a wall in his office. The women is very embarrassed because she believes he is staring at the nudity part of the picture. This indeed is not true as the reader further examines the reason behind the picture. By looking at the picture, Joop realizes that he is going through a mid-life crises, which can only be resolved by exorcising memories of his wife, the bear, and the goddess of hunting, Diana. The solution to the first part of his mid-life crisis is to get rid of the memories of Mari that still resided deep within his mind. He does this by visiting the house where the majority of these memories take place. While touring through the house he remembers all the ways that Mari resembled the goddess of Diana. During the period that Joop was married to Mari, she portrayed herself in a few ways as being Diana. She did this by giving the name of "Worshipping Diana to the act of Joop kissing her. Her skin was white except for one violet-colored bruise just under her right collarbone; it never disappeared entirely during the hunting season and came from the kick of her hefty weapons. It pleased her that he liked to kiss this particular spot. She called it "Worshipping Diana" (Stern 112). By doing this, Mari therefore implies that she believes she is the goddess of hunting. Not only does Mari imply that she is similar to the goddess Diana, but Joop also feels very upset about her believing that she is a goddess and he is just one of her pawns. " Her solemnity always frightened him, since it seemed to suggest that his main role in her eyes was as high priest of her own cult" (Stern 112). In this case the high priest would be the hunter Joop, and he would be serving Mari in her own fantasies. Joop's departure from the house was very swift because he wanted to get the memories of Mari behind him. Joop climbed wearily into the car and told his chauffeur to drive .

Friday, October 11, 2019

Automobile Industry in India Essay

Chennai accounts for 60% of the country’s automotive exports. In tune with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled the standards titled ‘India 2000’ in 2000 with later upgraded guidelines as ‘Bharat Stage’. These standards are quite similar to the more stringent European standards and have been traditionally implemented in a phased manner, with the latest upgrade getting implemented in 13 cities and later, in the rest of the nation. The Automotive Industry has flourished in Pune Region in Maharashtra, What were the special conditions were there for this development. Still Indian cars are not considered as a class in itself compared to European cars. India’s strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen and Maruti Suzuki In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Indian brands: AMW(Asian motor works- Commersial vehicles), Eicher Motors(tractors, Buses, components), Force(Bajaj Tempo), Hindustan motors(Birla, Ambassador car, Joint venture with Mitsubishi), Premier(Padmini, Moved from Mumbai to Pune), Tata, Mahindra, BharatBenz. Per capita penetration at around nine cars per thousand people is among the lowest in the world. While the industry is highly capital intensive in nature in case of four-wheelers, capital intensity is a lot less for two-wheelers. Though three-wheelers and tractors have low barriers to entry in terms of technology, four wheelers is technology intensive. Costs involved in branding, distribution network and spare parts availability increase entry barriers. With the Indian market moving towards complying with global standards, capital expenditure will rise to take into account future safety regulations. Automobile majors increase profitability by selling more units. As number of units sold increases, average cost of selling an incremental unit comes down. This is because the industry has a high fixed cost component. This is the key reason why operating efficiency through increased localization of components and maximizing output per employee is of significance. Maruti Suzuki, which is the market leader in PVs, had to deal with labour strikes at its plant at Manesar as a result of which production was severely hit. As petrol prices firmed up, the differential between petrol and diesel widened. Thus, there was a surge in demand for diesel cars. Most companies faced pressure at the operating level as margins declined due to rise in input costs. Steep depreciation of the rupee also took its toll. Tractors: While good monsoon is a positive for the sector, given the fact that non-farm incomes have continued to climb up, volumes should still hold up well in the longer run despite a year or two of poor monsoons. privatisation of select state transport undertakings bodes well for the bus segment.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

The Manipulation Of Immunoglobulin Architecture Essay

Immunoglobulins, produced by B-lymphocytes, are the chief go-betweens of humoral unsusceptibility, and lacks at this degree affect the organic structure ‘s response to infection. The use of Ig position in the intervention of human diseases consists of two chief paths that have the intent to augment the concentration and alter Ig in the affected host. On one manus lies the external disposal of human Ig in patients that are wholly lacking or compromised and are considered to profit widely from an endovenous extract. The other is the use of immunoglobulin production via indirect immunisation ( inoculation ) that forces the human organic structure to bring forth a series of Igs that are antigen specific for the peculiar antigen administered via the inoculation path. Immunosupression ( i.e. the lowering of the innate immune response ) has been widely used in malignant neoplastic disease therapeutics and is discussed last.IV ADMINISTRATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN ( inactive immunisation )T he U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) have approved endovenous auxiliary Ig interventions for a series of chiseled diseases such as: primary immunodeficiency, immune-mediated thrombopenia, Kawasaki disease, hematopoietic root cell organ transplant ( in patients & A ; gt ; 20 old ages ) , chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukaemia, and HIV in kids. However, Ig merchandises which are chiefly unfertile, purified Ig G ( IgG ) derived from a pool of givers ( normally 3,000-10,000 ) are besides normally used throughout the universe for the intervention of assorted other diseases such as idiopathic diseases ( unknown cause diseases such as perennial abortions ) and infections. The curative usage of Ig IV interventions consists chiefly of supplying with an increased protection versus infection for immunocompromised patients, may besides assist prevent patients with Kawasaki disease from developing coronary arteria aneurism or increase the figure of thrombocytes in patients who have life endangering idiopathic thrombopenia peliosis ( ITP ) and prolong sustaining of transplants in graft surgery ( Shehata et al, 2010 ) . However, the fact that the Ig is gathered through a pool of givers, poses a important infection menace to the infused persons. Although the hazard for HIV and Hepatitis B transmittal remains low due chiefly to obligatory proving since 1995, the hazard for acquisition of several other viruses and bacteriums, or even smaller life signifiers such as prions and mycoplasma is considered important ( Carbone, 2007 ) . Furthermore, the transfused Ig is non 100 % pure, since it frequently contains little sums of cytokines, CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and human leucocyte antigens ( HLA ) . All the above blood merchandises are known to bring forth and rarefy a important inflammatory reaction to the infused host, and presently the effects caused by these by merchandises of Ig interventions is non sufficiently elucidated. IgG has a half life in the circulation of about 21 yearss, so endovenous extracts of about 600 milligrams of IgG per kilogram organic structure weight given every 3 to 4 hebdomads maintain an IgG degree of about 500 mg/dl ( about 50 % of degrees in healthy grownups ( Quartier,1999 ) . Activation of inflammatory tracts by the extract procedure ( extract related reaction ) or by composites formed by antibody adhering within the receiver host seems a likely mechanism for the inauspicious effects mentioned above. The rate and badness of reactions to endovenous preparations of IgG are greatly reduced by decelerating the rate of extract and by administrating a prophylaxis with paracetamol and an antihistamine. However, its usage is still non accepted in many instances with the illustration of a Cochrane Systematic Review ( Ohlsson, 2010 ) that has late concluded that there is still deficient grounds to back up the everyday disposal of IVIG in babies with suspected or later proved neonatal infection. For instances such as primary lack where immunoglobulins act as replacing therapy and are perfectly indispensable for endurance, new IVIGs have been developed such as the Flebogamma 5 % IVIG intervention ( Ballow, 2009 ) , which is considered to further heighten the pathogen safety border due to pasteurisation and pore microfiltration.InoculationRecent progresss in inoculation include the betterment of viral-vector vaccinums that nowadays remain the best agencies to bring on cellular unsusceptibility and are demoing promise for the initiation of strong humoral responses. Targets range from certain types of malignant neoplastic disease to a huge array of infective diseases ( Draper and Heeney, 2010 ) . The chief job with this design is that the innate immune system readily recognises the viruses and viral vectors used in the vaccinum readying that renders this means insecure for wider usage, such as cistron therapy ( Huang, 2009 ) . The outgrowth of biological stuffs that can impact the immune system is a underdeveloped field aboard immunology. These stuffs can present antigens through specific intracellular tracts, leting tight control of the manner antigen presentation to T cells. Materials are besides being designed as adjuvants, to mime specific ‘hazardous ‘ signals in order to pull strings the attendant cytokine environment, which influences how antigens are farther interpreted by T cells. The development of contraceptive vaccinums against human papilomavirus has been hailed as one of the most important progresss of recent old ages by most communities and research workers and it is expected to dramatically cut down the mortality in HPV associated cervical and anal malignant neoplastic diseases, but has besides given rise to strict scientific argument ( Hampl, 2009 ) .IDIOTYPE VACCINATIONIn hematologic malignances, the spread of usage of a different type of inoculation is idiotype B-cell inoculation. Each patient ‘s B-cell malignance is normally derived from a individual expanded B-cell ringer, which expresses an Ig ( Ig ) with a alone idiotype ( Id, variable parts of Ig ) . Therefore, this idiotype can be regarded as possible mark in clinical malignant neoplastic disease inoculation attacks against the clonal B cell line. Currently it is a non-approved, experimental curative option for patients with lymphoma and myeloma. The pertinence of Id vaccinums for B-cell malignances such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma demands to be farther tested ( Inoges, 2010 ) .OTHER TYPES OF IMMUNOMODULATIONSystemic immunomodulation, besides known as accessory therapy, has been a intervention mode in a assortment of clinical diseases to hike the immune response even though the antigens are non ever known or are sick defined. Systemic immunomodulation often consequences in unwelcome effects, most notably autoimmune disease activation.The therapies include:InterferonIn the past several decennaries, IFN has emerged as a major curative mode for several malignant and non-malignant diseases, including hepatitis C, carcinoid tumours, hairy cell leukaemia, and Kaposi ‘s sarcoma. However, apart from the broad side-effect scope profile, IFN is besides found to bring on autoimmune responses with the production of autoantibodies chiefly autoimmune thyroid disease ( ATD ) and thyroiditis ( Kong et al, 2009 ) , ( Tomer, 2007 ) .Interleukin-2IL-2 is used for the intervention of metastatic melanoma. Similar to IFN, IL-2 has been reported to bring on the development of several autoimmune conditions, most notably ATD.Flt3 ligandTo heighten the immune response to a peptide vaccinum derived from a household member of human cuticular growing factor receptor ( Her-2/rat neu ) in prostate malignant neoplastic disease patients, human recombinant flt3 ligand, a growth/differentiation stimulator for dendritic cells, is used as a systemic adjuvant. It is unknown whether the Flt3 ligand can besides bring on autoimmunity.MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIESMonoclonal antibodies ( MoAbs ) have been introduced for the intervention of assorted malignant neoplastic diseases, and their ability to adhere to any specific mark within the organic structure is so used favorably in therapeutics to direct an immune response against the binding tissue site. A recent reappraisal has found little to no infective complications to their usage in ass orted types of malignances, although allogeneic in nature ( Rafailidis et al, 2007 ) .MentionsBallow M. Clinical experience with Flebogamma 5 % DIF: a new coevals of endovenous Igs in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Sep ; 157 Suppl 1:22-5 Carbone J. Adverse reactions and pathogen safety of endovenous Ig. Curr Drug Saf. 2007 Jan ; 2 ( 1 ) :9-18. Draper SJ, Heeney JL. Viruses as vaccinum vectors for infective diseases and malignant neoplastic disease. Nat Rev Microbiol.2010 Jan ; 8 ( 1 ) :62-73. Hampl M. Prevention of human villoma virus-induced preneoplasia and malignant neoplastic disease by contraceptive HPV vaccinums. Minerva Med. 2007 Apr ; 98 ( 2 ) :121-30. Hartung HP, Mouthon L, Ahmed R, Jordan S, Laupland KB, Jolles S. Clinical applications of endovenous Igs ( IVIg ) — beyond immunodeficiencies and neurology. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Dec ; 158 Suppl 1:23-33 Huang X, Yang Y. Innate immune acknowledgment of viruses and viral vectors. Hum Gene Ther. 2009 Apr ; 20 ( 4 ) :293-301. Hubbell JA, Thomas SN, Swartz MA. Materials technology for immunomodulation. immunotherapy to immune dysregulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Jan ; 1183:222-36. Inoges S, de Cerio AL, Soria E, Villanueva H, Pastor F, Bendandi M. Idiotype vaccinums for human B-cell malignances. Curr Pharm Des. 2010 ; 16 ( 3 ) :300-7 Kereiakes D. , J.Essell, C.Abbottsmith, T.Broderick, J.Runyon ( 2010 ) Abciximab-associated profound thrombopenia: Therapy with Ig and thrombocyte transfusion The American Journal of Cardiology, Volume 78, Issue 10, Pages 1161-1163 Kong YC, Wei WZ, Tomer Y. Opportunistic autoimmune upsets: from Nature. 2009 Nov 26 ; 462 ( 7272 ) :449-60. Ohlsson A, Lacy J. Intravenous Ig for suspected or later proved infection in newborns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17 ; 3: CD001239 Quartier P, Debre M, de Blic J, et Al. Early and drawn-out Ig replacing therapy in childhood agammaglobulinemia: a retrospective study of 31 patients. J Pediatr 1999 ; 134:589-595. Rafailidis PI, Kakisi OK, Vardakas K, Falagas ME. Infectious complications of monoclonal antibodies used in malignant neoplastic disease therapy: a systematic reappraisal of the grounds from randomized controlled tests. Cancer.2007 Jun ; 109 ( 11 ) :2182. Shehata N, Palda V, Bowen T, Haddad E, Issekutz TB, Mazer B, Schellenberg R, Warrington R, Easton D, Anderson D, Hume H. The usage of Ig therapy for patients with primary immune lack: an evidence-based pattern guideline. Transfus Med Rev. 2010 Jan ; 24 Suppl 1: S28-50. Shehata N, Palda VA, Meyer RM, Blydt-Hansen TD, Campbell P, Cardella C, Martin S, Nickerson P, Peltekian K, Ross H, Waddell TK, West L, Anderson D, Freedman J, Hume H. The usage of Ig therapy for patients undergoing solid organ organ transplant: an evidence-based pattern guideline. Transfus Med Rev. 2010 Jan ; 24 Suppl 1: S7-S27.